In fact, insomnia is a risk factor for major depression, anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, suicidality, hypertension and diabetes 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23. Although it had long been believed that, when this was the case, insomnia was a symptom of those conditions, the available evidence suggests that the relationship between such conditions and insomnia is complex and sometimes bidirectional 7, 8, 9, 10. In the vast majority of cases, insomnia co‐occurs with psychiatric or physical conditions. It is a common condition, with an approximate general population point prevalence of 10% 3, 4, 5, 6. Insomnia is defined as a complaint of difficulty falling or staying asleep which is associated with significant distress or impairment in daytime function and occurs despite an adequate opportunity for sleep 1, 2. We review this evidence base and highlight areas where more studies are needed, with the aim of providing a resource for improving the clinical management of the many patients with insomnia. These interventions can form the basis for systematic, evidence‐based treatment of insomnia in clinical practice. However, there are an array of interventions which have been demonstrated to have therapeutic effects in insomnia in trials with the above features, and whose risk/benefit profiles have been well characterized. A review of the available research indicates that rigorous double‐blind, randomized, controlled trials are lacking for some of the most commonly administered insomnia therapies. These options include both non‐medication treatments, most notably cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia, and a variety of pharmacologic therapies such as benzodiazepines, “z‐drugs”, melatonin receptor agonists, selective histamine H1 antagonists, orexin antagonists, antidepressants, antipsychotics, anticonvulsants, and non‐selective antihistamines. To this end, this paper reviews critical aspects of the assessment of insomnia and the available treatment options. As such, it is important that effective treatment is provided in clinical practice. It is a common condition associated with marked impairment in function and quality of life, psychiatric and physical morbidity, and accidents. Insomnia poses significant challenges to public health.
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